What are the differences between sheikh, emir, sultan and caliph?

sultan kingThe Sultanate of Yogyakarta, officially the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat [9] (Javanese: ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡ ꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀, romanized: KasultananSitaki Lawama - Sultan King... Sitaki lawamaa mno nilaumuuu. Leo nimepata kimwana iweje unishutumuu. Sijali lawaama mno nilauuumu. Katafute mahakama ya kwenda kunihukumu